Kitchen
Calculators

For stovetop: white rice uses 1:2, jasmine 1:1.75, basmati 1:1.5, brown rice 1:2.5. For a rice cooker: use about 25% less water — white rice 1:1.25, jasmine 1:1, brown rice 1:2. For an Instant Pot: use even less — white rice and jasmine 1:1, basmati 1:1.25, brown rice 1:1.25. Use the free rice to water ratio calculator for any rice type, any method, with rinsing and texture adjustments included.

The jasmine rice water ratio is 1:1.75 for stovetop (1 cup rice to 1¾ cups water), 1:1 for a rice cooker, and 1:1 for an Instant Pot. If you rinse your jasmine rice first (recommended to remove surface starch), reduce water by about 2 tablespoons per cup. For 3 cups of jasmine rice on the stovetop, you need 5¼ cups of water. Use the jasmine rice water ratio calculator for any amount.

1/4 cup equals 2 fluid ounces (fl oz) — that's always true regardless of ingredient. In weight ounces it varies: ¼ cup of water = 2.08 oz, flour = 1.1 oz, sugar = 1.76 oz, butter = 2 oz. Fluid ounces measure volume; weight ounces measure mass. Use the 1/4 cup in ounces calculator to get both fluid oz and weight oz for any ingredient, plus conversions for ⅓, ½, ¾ and 1 full cup.

1 cup of granulated white sugar = 200g. 1 cup of packed brown sugar = 220g. 1 cup of caster (superfine) sugar = 200g. 1 cup of icing (powdered) sugar = 120g. The weight varies because finer crystals pack more densely. Use the grams of sugar in a cup calculator for all sugar types and cup sizes (US, Metric, UK).

1 cup of all-purpose flour = 125g (spooned and levelled) or up to 155g if scooped directly from the bag. Bread flour = 130g. Cake flour = 120g. Self-raising flour = 130g. Almond flour = 96g. The method of measuring (scooped vs spooned) can change the weight by up to 30%. For baking accuracy, always weigh flour. Use the grams in a cup of flour calculator for all flour types.

Reduce the temperature by 25°F (about 15°C) and reduce cooking time by 20%. So a recipe at 400°F for 30 minutes becomes 375°F for 24 minutes. Always check food 2–3 minutes before the timer ends, as every air fryer model differs slightly. Use the free air fryer conversion calculator for instant results with brand-specific adjustments for Ninja, Cosori, Philips and more.

It depends on the recipe. For cakes and muffins: unsweetened applesauce (¼ cup = 1 egg). For cookies: flax egg (1 tbsp ground flaxseed + 3 tbsp water). For light sponge cakes: aquafaba (3 tbsp = 1 egg). For meringues: aquafaba only. Use our egg substitute for baking calculator or the vegan egg substitute calculator for personalised recommendations.

Crystal shape determines how densely salt packs into a spoon. Table salt has tiny cubic crystals that pack tightly — 18g per tablespoon. Diamond Crystal kosher salt has large, hollow pyramid-shaped flakes that trap air — only 8.4g per tablespoon. Morton kosher sits between at 14.4g. This is why substituting salt by volume rather than weight changes the saltiness of a dish. Use the salt grams calculator for all 8 salt types.